Os pais como pilares para a segurança do paciente em unidade neonatal / Parents as pillars for patient safety in a neonatal unit / Padres como pilares para la seguridad del paciente em una unidad neonatal

Objetivo: conhecer a experiência dos pais como estratégia de avaliação da qualidade da assistência de enfermagem. Método: pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida na Unidade Neonatal de um Hospital do sul do Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevistas, utilizando a técnica do incidente crítico (TIC), com 18 pais que estavam com seus filhos internados por 20 dias ou mais e que tinham previsão e plano de alta hospitalar. Após, os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: a análise revelou fragilidades no cuidado prestado pela equipe de enfermagem em relação à administração de medicamentos, ao uso de equipamentos, à monitorização e ao posicionamento dos bebês, aos cuidados com a pele e à higiene de mãos. Conclusão: a experiência dos pais revelou elementos que integram a avaliação da assistência em enfermagem, destacando-os como pilares para a segurança do paciente.

Objective: to learn the parents' experience as a strategy for assessing the quality of nursing care. Method: in this qualitative, descriptive study at the Neonatal Unit of a hospital in southern Brazil, data were collected by critical incident (CI) interviews of 18 parents whose children had been hospitalized for 20 days or more, and whose discharge was scheduled and planned for. The data subsequently underwent content analysis. Results: data analysis revealed weaknesses in the care provided by the nursing staff as regards administration of medication, use of equipment, monitoring and positioning of babies, skin care and hand hygiene. Conclusion: The parents' experience revealed elements that enter into evaluation of nursing care, revealing parents to be mainstays of patient safety.

Objetivo: conocer la experiencia de los padres como estrategia para evaluar la calidad de la atención de enfermería. Método: en este estudio cualitativo y descriptivo en la Unidad Neonatal de un hospital en el sur de Brasil, los datos fueron recolectados por entrevistas de incidentes críticos (IC) de 18 padres cuyos hijos habían estado hospitalizados durante 20 días o más, y cuyo alta fue programada y planificada para. Los datos posteriormente se sometieron a análisis de contenido. Resultados: el análisis de datos reveló debilidades en la atención brindada por el personal de enfermería en lo que respecta a la administración de medicamentos, uso de equipos, monitoreo y posicionamiento de bebés, cuidado de la piel e higiene de manos. Conclusión: la experiencia de los padres reveló elementos que entran en la evaluación de la atención de enfermería, revelando que los padres son pilares de la seguridad del paciente.

La importancia del método clínico en neonatología / The importance of the clinical method in Neonatology

Introducción: El método clínico es el método científico aplicado a la atención individual de un paciente. Su empleo en la especialidad de neonatología tiene características individuales, por la relación particular que se establece entre el médico, el recién nacido y los padres. Objetivo: Describir la importancia del método clínico en una especialidad tan joven como los cuidados intensivos neonatales. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sobre el método clínico y su aplicación en neonatología. Se buscaron artículos de los últimos diez años en CUMED, LILACS, PubMED y Cochrane Library, en los idiomas español, inglés y portugués. Se utilizaron un total de 26 referencias bibliográficas. Resultados: En neonatología la simple relación médico-paciente se transforma en una más compleja que es la relación médico-paciente-padres. No existe ningún examen de laboratorio que supla la adecuada interrelación entre estos tres elementos, que constituyen la estrategia básica de la aplicación del método clínico en esta especialidad. La observación clínica comienza desde que los padres llegan a consulta con el neonato. Sus expresiones faciales y actitudes con el recién nacido son factores a considerar para hacer un buen diagnóstico clínico. Se relacionan los errores más frecuentes que se cometen durante el examen físico del recién nacido. Consideraciones finales: El método clínico en neonatología es una herramienta fundamental, pero con particularidades específicas porque los recién nacidos no tienen la posibilidad de la comunicación, de ahí que es muy importante saber escuchar a los padres y estar atentos a sus manifestaciones(AU)

Introduction: The clinical method is the scientific method applied to the individual care of a patient. Its application in the neonatology specialty has its own characteristics due to the particular relationship settled among the doctor, the newborn and the parents. Objective: To describe the importance of the clinical method in such a young specialty as it is neonate's intensive care. Methods: It was carried out a review on the clinical method and its application in neonatology. Articles of the last ten years were looked for in CUMED, LILACS, PubMED and Cochrane Library, in Spanish, English and Portuguese languages. They were used a total of 26 bibliographical references. Results: In neonatology the simple doctor-patient relationship becomes a more complex one that is the doctor-patient-parents relationship. There is no laboratory test that replaces the appropriate interrelation among these three elements that constitute the basic strategy for the application of the clinical method in Neonatology. Clinical observation begins since the parents arrive to a consultation with the newborn. Their facial expressions and attitudes with the newborn are factors to consider making a good clinical diagnosis and also the most frequent errors that are made during the physical exam of the newborn. Final considerations: The clinical method in neonatology is a fundamental tool but it has specific particularities because newborns don't have the ability of communication; that is why it is very important knowing how to listen to the parents and to be attentive to their manifestations(AU)

Efectividad de un protocolo para la atención del dolor en neonatos menores de 1 500 gramos / Effectiveness of a protocol for pain management in newborns with less than 1 500 grams

Introducción: La atención al dolor resulta prioritaria en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales. No se recogen antecedentes en Cuba de implementación de algún protocolo para el abordaje del dolor en neonatos, que no se limite solamente al tratamiento farmacológico durante la asistencia respiratoria o cirugía neonatal. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de un protocolo para la prevención y alivio del dolor en recién nacidos menor de 500 gramos, basado principalmente en las recomendaciones de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Neonatología. Métodos: Estudio basado en las recomendaciones de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Neonatología, de tipo analítico prospectivo de ANTES y DESPUÉS en 55 neonatos menor de 1500 gramos, nacidos en el Hospital Ginecoobstétrico Docente Provincial de Matanzas en el período marzo/2016 a marzo/2018, en el cual se comparó la intensidad del dolor según la escala COMFORTneo aplicada durante la realización de tres procederes: inserción del catéter venoso umbilical, inserción de catéter percutáneo y punción del talón, en dos grupos de pacientes: un grupo antes (n=29) y un grupo después de aplicar el protocolo de dolor (n=26). Para el análisis de variables se empleó el coeficiente de Spearman. Se consideró significativo todo valor p menor de 0,05. Resultados: El peso promedio de los neonatos estudiados fue 1 180 gramos. Luego de la implementación del protocolo se observó una disminución significativa en la intensidad del dolor durante la realización de los procederes seleccionados. Las medidas no farmacológicas fueron las más empleadas. Conclusiones: El protocolo implementado es efectivo para lograr disminuir la intensidad del dolor en neonatos menor de 1 500 gramos(AU)

Introduction: Pain management is a priority in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. There are not antecedents in Cuba of any protocol carried out for management of neonatal pain, apart from the pharmacological treatment during neonatal respiratory assistance or surgery. Objective: To determine effectiveness of a protocol for prevention and pain relief in infants with less than 1500 grams, mainly based on recommendations of the Ibero-American Society of Neonatology. Methods: A prospective analytical study of before and after was made in 55 infants with less than 1500 grams, who were born in the Teaching Gynecological and Obstetric Provincial Hospital of Matanzas, Cuba, in the period from March,2016 to March, 2018. For the study, the intensity of pain was compared by means of the COMFORTneo scale, which was carried out during the performance of three procedures: umbilical vein catheterization, percutaneous venous catheterization and heel lance; in two patients groups: one before (n=29) and the other after the implementation of the pain protocol (n=26). Spearman coefficient was used for statistical analysis of ordinal qualitative variables. All less than; 0.05 values were considered significant. Results: The average weight of the studied newborns was 1 180 grams. After implementing the protocol, a significant decrease in pain intensity was observed during the performance of the selected procedures. Non-pharmacological measures were the most used. Conclusion: The implemented protocol is effective for decrease pain intensity in newborns with less than 1 500 grams(AU)

Perinatal care in a northeastern brazilian state: structure, work processes, and evaluation of the components of essential newborn care / Cuidado perinatal em um estado do nordeste brasileiro: estrutura, processos de trabalho e avaliação dos componentes do essential newborn care

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the structure and the processes of care for pregnant women/newborn infants, including the Essential Newborn Care (ENC), in maternity hospitals in Sergipe State, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out between June 2015 and April 2016 in all maternity hospitals of Sergipe with more than 500 deliveries/year (n=11). A questionnaire on the existing structure and work processes was administered to the managers. Subsequently, a representative number of postpartum women from these hospitals were interviewed (n=768). Their medical records, as well as newborn infants' records, were also analyzed. Results: Sergipe has 78 beds of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and 90 beds of Intermediate Care Unit (IMCU) to meet spontaneous and programmed demand. Only six maternity hospitals (54.5%) performed the risk classification, and four (36.3%) had protocols for high-risk parturient care. Regarding the ENC components, only 41% (n=315) of the women had early skin-to-skin contact with their babies, 33.1% (n=254) breastfed in the first hour of life, and 18% (n=138) had a companion always during birth. Conclusions: The distribution of NICU beds between capital city and other cities of the State is adequate, considering Brazilian guidelines. However, there was a low adherence to the protocols for hypertensive and hemorrhagic emergencies, and a low coverage of humanization policies, pregnancy risk classification and ENC practices, especially breastfeeding in the first hour of life, and companion always during birth.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a estrutura e os processos de atendimento a gestante/recém-nascido, incluindo os componentes do Essential Newborn Care (ENC), das maternidades de Sergipe, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado entre junho de 2015 e abril de 2016 em todas as maternidades de Sergipe (n=11) com mais de 500 partos/ano. Foi aplicado um questionário aos gestores sobre a estrutura e os processos de trabalhos existentes. Posteriormente, um número representativo de puérperas desses hospitais foi entrevistado (n=768) e seus prontuários, bem como o dos recém-nascidos, foram analisados. Resultados: Sergipe conta com 78 leitos de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) e 90 de Unidade Intermediária (UI) para atendimento da demanda espontânea e programada. Somente seis maternidades (54,5%) realizam a classificação de risco e quatro (36,3%) possuem protocolos para atendimento das parturientes de alto risco. No que se refere aos componentes do ENC, apenas 41% (n=315) das mulheres tiveram contato pele a pele precoce com seu filho, 33,1% (n=254) amamentaram na primeira hora de vida e 18% (n=138) tiveram a presença do acompanhante em todos os momentos do parto. Conclusões: A distribuição de leitos de UTIN entre capital/interior é adequada no Estado, levando-se em consideração a legislação vigente no país. Entretanto, houve baixa adesão aos protocolos das emergências hipertensivas e hemorrágicas, e baixa cobertura das políticas de humanização, da classificação de risco para a gestante e das práticas do ENC, principalmente quanto à amamentação na primeira hora de vida e à presença do acompanhante na parturição.

Noise level in a neonatal intensive care unit in Santa Marta - Colombia / Nivel de ruido de una unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal en Santa Marta - Colombia

Abstract Introduction: The environment of neonatal intensive care units is influenced by numerous sources of noise emission, which contribute to raise the noise levels, and may cause hearing impairment and other physiological and psychological changes on the newborn, as well as problems with care staff. Objective: To evaluate the level and sources of noise in the neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: Sampled for 20 consecutive days every 60 seconds in A-weighting curves and fast mode with a Type I sound level meter. Recorded the average, maximum and minimum, and the 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles. The values are integrated into hours and work shift, and studied by analysis of variance. The sources were characterized in thirds of octaves. Results: The average level was 64.00 ±3.62 dB(A), with maximum of 76.04 ±5.73 dB(A), minimum of 54.84 ±2.61dB(A), and background noise of 57.95 ±2.83 dB(A). We found four sources with levels between 16.8-63.3 dB(A). Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the hours and work shift, with higher values in the early hours of the day. Conclusion: The values presented exceed the standards suggested by several organizations. The sources identified and measured recorded high values in low frequencies.

Resumen Introducción: El ambiente de las unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatal está influenciado por numerosas fuentes de emisión de ruido, que contribuyen a elevar los niveles de ruido y que pueden provocar deficiencias auditivas entre otras alteraciones fisiológicas y psicológicas sobre el neonato, así como problemas al personal asistencial cuando se exceden los niveles. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel y fuentes de emisión del ruido en la unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal. Métodos: Se muestreo durante 20 días continuos cada 60 segundos en escala de ponderación frecuencias A y espacial fast, con un sonómetro tipo I, se registraron los parámetros acústicos de nivel medio, máximo y mínimo, y percentil 10, 50 y 90. Se integraron en periodos horarios y por turno, y se estudiaron mediante un análisis de varianza. Las fuentes se caracterizaron en tercios de octavas. Resultados: El nivel medio reportado fue 64.00 ±3.62 dB(A), con máximo de 76.04 ±5.73 dB(A), mínimo de 54.84 ±2.61 dB(A) y ruido de fondo de 57.95 ±2.83 dB(A). Se identificaron cuatro fuentes con rango entre 16.8-63.3 dB(A). El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias significativas entre una media y otra con valores mayores en las primeras horas del día. Conclusión: Los valores presentados superan los estándares sugerido por diversas organizaciones. Las fuentes identificadas y medidas registraron mayor aporte en las frecuencias bajas.

Uso de manobras de reanimação neonatal e internação em unidade de cuidado intensivo entre recém-nascidos de termo: análise secundária dos dados do estudo Nascer no Brasil / Use of neonatal resuscitation maneuvers and hospitalization in an intensive care unit among term newborns a secondary analysis of data from the Birth in Brazil study

Introdução: A assistência ao parto no Brasil tem enfrentado desafios nos últimos anos, no sentido de reduzir práticas desnecessárias e inseguras. No entanto, medidas utilizadas para acelerar o trabalho de parto e demais intervenções durante o trabalho de parto e parto ainda são frequentes e podem impactar negativamente as condições de vitalidade do recém-nascido. Objetivos: Analisar a associação entre os fatores sociodemográficos, organizacionais, obstétricos e assistenciais e desfecho neonatal desfavorável entre RNs de termo e estimar sua frequência. Método: Estudo transversal, a partir dos dados do inquérito nacional Nascer no Brasil, referentes à região Sudeste. A amostra foi composta por puérperas que tiveram RNs vivos, natimortos (peso 500 gramas e/ou idade gestacional 22 semanas), nascidos em hospitais com 500 partos em 2011 e 2012. Foram excluídos os recém-nascidos prematuros, gemelares e aqueles com malformações. A variável dependente desfecho neonatal desfavorável foi construída por meio da composição das variáveis intubação traqueal, massagem cardíaca, uso de drogas na reanimação neonatal, internação em UTI neonatal e Apgar

Introduction: Childbirth care in Brazil has faced challenges in recent years to reduce unnecessary and unsafe practices. However, measures used to accelerate labour and other interventions during labour and delivery are still frequent and may negatively impact the vitality of the newborn. Objectives: To analyze the association between sociodemographic, organizational, obstetric and care factors and unfavorable neonatal outcomes among term newborns and to estimate the frequency of these outcomes. Method: A cross-sectional study, based on data from the national survey \"Birth in Brazil\" in the the Southeast region of Brazil. The sample consisted of mothers who had live births, stillbirths (weight 500 grams and / or gestational age 22 weeks) in hospitals with 500 births in 2011 and 2012. Premature babies, twins, preterm newborns and those with malformations were excluded from the analysis. The dependent variable \"unfavorable neonatal outcome\" was constructed through the composition of the variables tracheal intubation, cardiac massage, drug use in neonatal resuscitation, neonatal ICU admission, and Apgar

Cuidado centrado na família na perspectiva de enfermeiras da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal / Family-centered care from the perspective of nurses in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Descrever os desafios e as estratégias para implementação do Cuidado Centrado na Família no cuidado ao recém-nascido hospitalizado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, na perspectiva de enfermeiras.Métodos: estudo qualitativo, conduzido na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal de uma maternidade pública. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 14 enfermeiras. Utilizou-se a técnica da análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados os principais aspectos dificultadores encontrados para implementação do Cuidado Centrado na Família foram: carência de recursos materiais, ausência dos pais na unidade e escassez de funcionários, que influenciaram diretamente na assistência ao recém-nascido e à família. Para minimizar os desafios encontrados,as enfermeiras apontaram estratégias como criação e atualização de protocolos, treinamentos, programas de educação continuada, otimização da comunicação e reuniões com as famílias. Conclusão: os principais desafios referem-se aos recursos humanos e materiais e à infraestrutura. Como estratégias, foram apontados trabalho em equipe e aperfeiçoamento constante.

Objective: to describe the challenges and strategies for implementation of Family-centered Care in the in the care of newborns hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit from the perspective of nurses. Methods: qualitative study conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a public hospital. Fourteen nurses were interviewed. We used the technique of thematic content analysis. Results: the main aspects hindering the implementation of Family-centered Care were: lack of material resources, absence of parents in the unit and shortage of staff, which influenced directly in the assistance provided to the newborn and the family. To minimize the challenges, nurses mentioned strategies such as creating and updating protocols, training, continuing education programs, optimizing communication and meetings with families. Conclusion: the main challenges are related to human and material resources and infrastructure. Strategies mentioned were teamwork and continuous improvement.

Bombas de infusión continua de jeringa en unidades neonatales / Continuous infusion pumps at neonatal intensive care units

Introduction: Continuous Infusion pumps (CIP) are frequently used at neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), to administer medications at flow rates lower than 1 ml/H. Various factors have been shown to alter their performance. No studies have been completed in Chile in this area. Objectives: To describe frequent clinical practices to administer medications through CIP at NICUs in Chile, and suggest recommendations about it. Methods: Four professionals at NICUs in 19 centers were surveyed regarding syringe size, flow rate and precautions. Results: When starting countinuous infusion, 81.9 percent of surveyed professionals use 50 cc syringes, and 66.7 percent of them use flow rates under 1 ml/h. Main precautions include elimination of bubbles in the circuit (51.4 percent), review of conections (38.9 percent) and precise fit between the syringe and the CIP (36.1 percent). Conclusions: In surveyed NICUs, low flow rates and 50cc syringes are frequently used to infuse medications. NICU staff must consider factors that affect the performance of CIP, prefer smaller syringes and flow rate over 1 ml/h for continuous infusion of drugs.

Introducción: En las unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatal (UCIN) se utilizan frecuentemente bombas de infusión continua (BIC) a flujos menores de 1 ml/h para administrar medicamentos. Está demostrado que distintos factores alteran el funcionamiento de las BIC a flujos bajos. En Chile, no existen estudios que describan prácticas relacionadas al uso de BIC. Objetivo: Describir prácticas clínicas frecuentes al administrar medicamentos en BIC en UCIN de Chile y proponer recomendaciones respecto a su uso. Método: Se encuestaron 4 profesionales de UCIN en 19 centros. Los principales aspectos evaluados fueron: tamaño de jeringa usado en las BIC, flujos de infusión continua utilizados y precauciones al instalar una BIC. Resultados: Al instalar una infusión continua, el 81,9 por ciento de los profesionales encuestados usa jeringas de 50 ml y el 66,7 por ciento utiliza flujos menores de 1 ml/h. Las principales precauciones fueron la eliminación de burbujas del circuito (51,4 por ciento), la revisión de las conexiones del sistema (38,9 por ciento) y el ajuste preciso entre jeringa y BIC (36,1 por ciento). Conclusiones: En las UCIN estudiadas se utilizan frecuentemente flujos bajos y jeringas de 50 ml para infundir medicamentos. Las UCIN deben considerar los factores que alteran el funcionamiento de las BIC y preferir el uso de jeringas de menor tamaño y flujos mayores de 1 ml/h para la infusión continua de medicamentos.

O processo de trabalho em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal / The working process of a neonatal intensive care unit / El proceso de trabajo en una unidad de terapia intensiva neonatal

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a organização do processo de trabalho em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal através das relações estabelecidas entre os atores sociais presentes no espaço micropolítico. Trata-se de uma metodologia não-convencional, adaptada a estudo qualitativo. Adotou-se um estudo de série de casos cuja trajetória foi denominada trajetória-sentinela e, através desta foram, detectados ruídos que influenciaram na qualidade da assistência. A análise do fluxograma revelou fragilidades na rede de contratualidade, problemas de registros e arquivamento de documentação e, erros relativos ao processo assistência.

The objective of this study was to analyze the organization of the working process of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit through the relationships established between the social actors present in the micropolitical space. This study used an unconventional methodology, adapted to a qualitative study. A case series study was adopted, whose trajectory was referred to as sentinel-trajectory, through which it was possible to detect noises that affected the quality of the care provided. The analysis of the flowchart revealed weaknesses of the contract network, problems regarind the registers and documentations, and errors in the health care process.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la organización del proceso de trabajo en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, mediante las relaciones establecidas entre los actores sociales presentes en el espacio micropolítico. Se trata de una metodología no convencional, adaptada al estudio cualitativo. Se adoptó un estudio de serie de casos, cuya trayectoria fue denominada trayectoria-centinela y, a través de ella, se detectaron ruidos que influenciaron en la calidad de la atención. El análisis del flujograma reveló fragilidad en la de de contractualidad, problemas de registro y archivo de documentación, y errores referidos al proceso de atención.

End of life in the neonatal intensive care unit

PURPOSE: Death at the beginning of life is tragic but not uncommon in neonatal intensive care units. In Portugal, few studies have examined the circumstances surrounding the final moments of neonates. We evaluated the care given to neonates and their families in terminal situations and the changes that had occurred one decade later. DESIGN AND METHODS: We analyzed 256 charts in a retrospective chart review of neonatal deaths between two periods (1992-1995 and 2002-2005) in a level III neonatal intensive care unit. RESULTS: Our results show differences in the care of dying infants between the two periods. The analysis of the 2002-2005 cohort four years revealed more withholding and withdrawing of therapeutic activities and more effective pain and distress relief; however, on the final day of life, 95.7 percent of the infants received invasive ventilatory support, 76.3 percent received antibiotics, 58.1 percent received inotropics, and 25.8 percent received no opioid or sedative administration. The 2002-2005 cohort had more spiritual advisor solicitation, a higher number of relatives with permission to freely visit and more clinical meetings with neonatologists. Interventions by parents, healthcare providers and ethics committees during decision-making were not documented in any of the charts. Only eight written orders regarding therapeutic limitations and the adoption of palliative care were documented; seven (87.5 percent) were from the 2002-2005 cohort. Parental presence during death was more frequent in the latter four years (2002-2005 cohort), but only 21.5 percent of the parents wanted to be present at that moment. CONCLUSION: Despite an increase in the withholding and withdrawing of therapeutic activities and improvements in pain management and family support, many neonates still receive curative and aggressive practices at the end of life.

Processo de trabalho na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal: construção de uma atenção orientada pela integralidade / Proceso de trabajo en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal: construcción de una atención integral / Work process in the neonatal intensive care unit: building a holistic-oriented care

Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, que teve como objetivo analisar a ação dos profissionais e sua contribuição na construção da integralidade do cuidado ao recém-nascido internado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN). O estudo foi realizado no Hospital Sofia Feldman, em Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais), e teve como sujeitos 10 profissionais que assistem o recém-nascido na UTIN, e 7 pais de recém-nascidos ali internados. Para coleta de dados utilizaram-se a Oficina de Trabalho e a Observação Participante. O tratamento e a análise dos dados coletados foram feitos por meio de Análise de Discurso. A partir dos dados, evidenciaram-se as potencialidades da prática dos profissionais orientada pelo sentido da integralidade, os atos de saúde que materializam ou não a integralidade, as diferentes percepções dos participantes acerca do trabalho realizado pela equipe, e de que forma a lógica da organização do processo de trabalho inscreve o fazer do coletivo de trabalhadores.

This is a qualitative study aimed at analyzing the performance of healthcare professionals, as well as their contribution to a holistic-oriented care towards newborn babies in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The study was carried out in the Sofia Feldman Hospital, in Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The study's subjects were ten healthcare professionals who cared for newborns in the NICU, and seven parents of admitted newborns. Data was collected by means of workshops and participant observation processes. Data were treated and analyzed by means of discourse analysis concepts. The resulting data highlighted the following aspects: the potential and holistic-oriented practices of healthcare professionals; the presence or absence of healthcare actions that materialized the holistic care; the different perceptions of the participants about the work carried out by the team; and in what sense the rationale of the work organization encompassed the workers' collective performance.

Se trata de un estudio cualitativo que tuvo como objetivo analizar la acción de los profesionales y su contribución en la construcción del cuidado integral al recién nacido internado en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN). El estudio fue realizado en el Hospital Sofía Feldman, en Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) y tuvo como sujetos 10 profesionales que asisten al recién nacido en la UTIN y 7 padres de recién nacidos, allí internados. Para recolectar los datos se utilizó el Taller de Trabajo y la Observación Participante. El tratamiento y el análisis de los datos recolectados fueron hechos por medio del Análisis del Discurso. A partir de los datos se evidenció el potencial de la práctica de los profesionales orientada por el sentido del cuidado integral, por los actos de salud que materializan el cuidado integral, las diferentes percepciones de los participantes acerca del trabajo realizado por el equipo y de que forma la lógica de la organización del proceso de trabajo inscribe el quehacer del colectivo de los trabajadores.

Nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care unit in pediatric Assiut University Hospital: incidence and risk factors

Nosocomial infections [Nis] have become a matter of major concern in neonatal intensive care units [NICUs]. Nosocomial infections are the result of the interaction of several risk factors. To identify risk factors for nosocomial infections among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit in Pediatric Assiut University Hospital [AUH]. Knowledge of modifiable risk factors could be used to guide the design of interventions to prevent the problem. Incidence [surveillance] study for identification of new nosocomial infections for one year and 9 days from [17 of April 2007 to 26 of April 2008]. The total population: All neonates attending NICU in pediatric AUH from the Obstetric Department of Maternal-Healthcare Assiut University Hospital. The target population is all neonates that developed nosocomial infections within 72 hrs of admission. The presence of risk factors was studied. A practical guide completed for each patient, which included: Demographic risk factors as age, birth weight, sex, single or multiple births, type of delivery, premature rupture of membranes, variables recorded daily as enteral feeding, parentral feeding, mechanical ventilation and indwelling catheter. Differences between patients with and without NI for discrete variables were estimated by the chi-square test. The association between risk factors and the presence of NIs were estimated by relative risk. From a total of 990 admitted neonates, the incidence rate and the incidence density rate were 16% and 24.45% infections per 1000 patient-days, respectively. Case fatality rate was 91.8%. The following risk factors were associated with Nis [P<0.05]: mechanical ventilation, umbilical catheter, prematurity, birth weight less than 1500 g, use of ryle, transport outside NICU, premature rupture of membrane and peripheral vascular catheter. The risk of NIs increases with increasing invasive devices, decreasing birth weight, and gestational age. There is an increased mortality rate associated with NI. Strategies to minimize the impact of risk factors must be identified

Prevalence and predisposing factros of retinopathy of prematurity in very low-birth-weight infants discharged from NICU

Retinopathy of prematurity [ROP] is a disease of the eye caused by disorganized growth of retinal blood vessels resulting in scarring and retinal detachment. All preterm babies are at high risk for ROP, and very low birth weight is an additional risk factor. An increased incidence of ROP is expected in Iran because of improved survival of low birth weight and premature babies, and it is obvious that pediatricians and ophthalmologists are concerned about prevention and timely treatment of ROP in these children. To asses the real situation of ROP in our NICU we studied its prevalence and risk factors. This was a retrospective analysis of premature infants with birth weight of

Fatores perinatais associados ao óbito precoce em prematuros nascidos nos centros da Rede Brasileira de Pesquisas Neonatais / Perinatal factors associated with early deaths of preterm infants born in Brazilian Network on Neonatal Research centers

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os fatores perinatais associados ao óbito neonatal precoce em prematuros com peso ao nascer entre 400 e 1.500 g. MÉTODOS: Coorte prospectiva e multicêntrica dos nascidos vivos com idade gestacional de 23 a 33 semanas e peso de 400-1.500 g, sem malformações em oito maternidades públicas terciárias universitárias entre junho de 2004 e maio de 2005. As características maternas e neonatais e a morbidade nas primeiras 72 horas de vida foram comparadas entre os prematuros que morreram ou sobreviveram até o sexto dia de vida. As variáveis perinatais associadas ao óbito neonatal precoce foram determinadas por regressão logística. RESULTADOS: No período, 579 recém-nascidos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. O óbito precoce ocorreu em 92 (16 por cento) neonatos, variando entre as unidades de 5 a 31 por cento, e tal diferença persistiu controlando-se por um escore de gravidade clínica (SNAPPE-II). A análise multivariada para o desfecho óbito neonatal intra-hospitalar precoce mostrou associação com: idade gestacional de 23-27 semanas (odds ratio - OR = 5,0; IC95 por cento 2,7-9,4), ausência de hipertensão materna (OR = 1,9; IC95 por cento 1,0-3,7), Apgar 0-6 no 5º minuto (OR = 2,8; IC95 por cento 1,4-5,4), presença de síndrome do desconforto respiratório (OR = 3,1; IC95 por cento 1,4-6,6) e centro em que o paciente nasceu. CONCLUSÃO: Importantes fatores associados ao óbito neonatal precoce em prematuros de muito baixo peso são passíveis de intervenção, como a melhora da vitalidade fetal ao nascer e a diminuição da incidência e gravidade da síndrome do desconforto respiratório. As diferenças de mortalidade encontradas entre os centros apontam para a necessidade de identificar as melhores práticas e adotá-las de maneira uniforme em nosso meio.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate perinatal factors associated with early neonatal death in preterm infants with birth weights (BW) of 400-1,500 g. METHODS: A multicenter prospective cohort study of all infants with BW of 400-1,500 g and 23-33 weeks of gestational age (GA), without malformations, who were born alive at eight public university tertiary hospitals in Brazil between June of 2004 and May of 2005. Infants who died within their first 6 days of life were compared with those who did not regarding maternal and neonatal characteristics and morbidity during the first 72 hours of life. Variables associated with the early deaths were identified by stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 579 live births met the inclusion criteria. Early deaths occurred in 92 (16 percent) cases, varying between centers from 5 to 31 percent, and these differences persisted after controlling for newborn illness severity and mortality risk score (SNAPPE-II). According to the multivariate analysis, the following factors were associated with early intrahospital neonatal deaths: gestational age of 23-27 weeks (odds ratio - OR = 5.0; 95 percentCI 2.7-9.4), absence of maternal hypertension (OR = 1.9; 95 percentCI 1.0-3.7), 5th minute Apgar 0-6 (OR = 2.8; 95 percentCI 1.4-5.4), presence of respiratory distress syndrome (OR = 3.1; 95 percentCI 1.4-6.6), and network center of birth. CONCLUSION: Important perinatal factors that are associated with early neonatal deaths in very low birth weight preterm infants can be modified by interventions such as improving fetal vitality at birth and reducing the incidence and severity of respiratory distress syndrome. The heterogeneity of early neonatal rates across the different centers studied indicates that best clinical practices should be identified and disseminated throughout the country.

Proceso para elaborar un formato de consentimiento informado en una unidad de terapia intensiva neonatal / Process to elaborate an informed consent form in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)

El funcionamiento de una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal requiere, entre otros aspectos, utilizar un instrumento escrito para el "Consentimiento Informado". Este es un documento que guía el proceso legal de información que debe realizarse a los padres al ser admitidos sus niños en un centro asistencial, mejora la conciencia colectiva sobre las enfermedades neonatales, aumenta el ejercicio de autonomía de los padres para contribuir eficientemente a la toma de decisiones y estimula al equipo de salud a mantenerse actualizado. La necesidad de elaborar el instructivo nos planteó las siguientes interrogantes: ¿Han diseñado un instrumento en otros centros de la zona, en el país, en otras latitudes? ¿Existe modelos para realizarlo? ¿Cuáles elementos debe contener? ¿Cuál será el formato de consentimiento informado para esta UTIN?. Entrevista abierta a los Neonatólogos Coordinadores de las UTIN de clínicas privadas del Estado; Revisión bibliográfica y análisis hermenéutico de textos, publicaciones de Bioética y Consentimiento Informado; Investigación documental de las bases jurídicas que sustentan la atención médica en Venezuela para identificar las bases legales del consentimiento informado; Grupo focal de discusión para analizar y concretar, con las observaciones de cada uno, un instrumento propio que presentamos en esta actualización.

The operation of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) requires, among other things, the use of a written form for the “Informed Consent”. This document guides the legal information process that parents must go through when admitting their children at a health care center. It improves the collective conscience about neonatal illnesses, increases the parent’s autonomy to efficiently help in the decision making and encourage health care providers to stay updated. The need to create this manual raised the following questions: Has an instrument like this been designed in other local centers? Within the country? Or, in other countries? Is there any model to follow? Which elements should it contain? Which would be the Informed Consent format for this NICU?. Open interview to Neonatologists, NICU Coordinators of private clinics. Bibliographical review and hermeneutic analysis of texts, Bioethics publications and Informed Consents. Documentary research of juridical foundations that sustain the medical practice in Venezuela, to identify legal bases for the Informed Consent. Focus group to discuss, analyze and establish, which each one’s observations, the proprietary instrument that we presented in this update.

Uso da tecnologia como ferramenta de avaliação no cuidado clínico de recém-nascidos prematuros / Use of technology as an evaluation tool of clinical care in preterm newborns

OBJETIVO: Analisar a aplicação do Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (NTISS) como um instrumento capaz de quantificar a utilização de tecnologias nas práticas assistenciais de unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal, no sentido de detectar variações nos cuidados ao recém-nascido de alto risco. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo observacional prospectivo descritivo da intensidade de tecnologias em duas unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal, sendo uma pública e uma privada. O NTISS foi calculado diariamente até a alta ou óbito dos recém-nascidos prematuros com idade gestacional igual ou inferior a 32 semanas de idade gestacional. Obtivemos dados sobre as condições clínicas pré-natais, de nascimento, da admissão e das morbidades apresentadas durante a internação. O ajuste de risco dos recém-nascidos prematuros foi obtido por meio do Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology, Perinatal Extension, Version II (SNAPPE-II). Para a análise descritiva, realizamos testes t de Student, qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética e pesquisa. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 44 recém-nascidos admitidos na unidade pública e 52 na unidade privada. Na admissão, o escore de gravidade (SNAPPE-II) e o NTISS total foram estatisticamente semelhantes em ambas as unidades. A curva de utilização de tecnologias apresentou padrão de queda gradual e progressiva para as duas unidades até o 31° dia. A partir desse dia, enquanto a unidade privada manteve a tendência de queda, a unidade pública mostrou um incremento significativo do NTISS total. Os pacientes da unidade pública desenvolveram mais morbidades do que os da unidade privada. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com quadros clínicos semelhantes podem ser tratados com diferentes intensidades de utilização de tecnologias. Isso pode ter impacto direto em morbidades e em custos assistenciais. O NTISS permitiu a monitorização da assistência e demonstrou ser um instrumento capaz de detectar...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of the Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (NTISS) as a tool to quantify the use of technology in neonatal intensive care units, in order to detect discrepancies in the care provided to high-risk newborn infants. METHODS: Prospective, descriptive, observational study about the use of technology in two neonatal intensive care units (one public and one private). The NTISS was calculated on a daily basis up to the discharge or death of preterm newborns with gestational age equal to or less than 32 weeks. We gathered data about prenatal clinical conditions, birth characteristics, and conditions on admission to the intensive care unit, as well as about the morbidities developed during the hospital stay. The risks of preterm newborns were adjusted by means of the Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology, Perinatal Extension, Version II (SNAPPE-II). Student's t test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and the Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon's test were used for the descriptive analysis. The study was approved by the local Research and Ethics Committee. RESULTS: We assessed 44 newborn infants from the public intensive care unit and 52 from the private one. On admission, the severity score (SNAPPE-II) and the overall NTISS were statistically similar in both care units. The curve for the use of technology showed a gradual and progressive decreasing pattern in both care units up to the 31st day. Thereafter, there was a continuous downward trend in the private care unit, but a significant increase in the overall NTISS in the public care unit. The patients from the public care unit developed more morbidities than those from the private unit. CONCLUSION: Patients with similar clinical pictures can be treated with different levels of technological resources. This may have a direct impact on morbidities and on healthcare costs. The NTISS allowed monitoring healthcare and proved efficient in detecting discrepancies in practices that could...

Oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea en pacientes pediátricos: Comunicación de los 3 primeros casos tratados / Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): Consolidation of a neonatal-pediatric program in Chile and report of three cases

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) improves survival in neonatal and pediatric patients with reversible severe respiratory or cardiac failure, in whom intensive treatment fails. Since 1999, a multidisciplinary team is trained to form the first neonatal-pediatric ECMO center in Chile, according to the norms of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO). During 2003 the first three patients were admitted to the program: a male newborn with pulmonary hypertension, a 38 days old female operated for a total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and a 3 months old male with a severe pneumonia caused by respiratory syncytial virus. They remained in ECMO for five, seven and nine days respectively and all survived to the procedure. No neurological complications were observed after one and a half year of follow up. This consolidates the first national neonatal-pediatric ECMO program, associated to ELSO. Up to date, twelve patients have been admitted to the program.